Britain’s digital ID hysteria misses a 20-year lesson from Estonia. The UK debate on digital identity is stuck in the wrong decade. Politicians conjure Orwell, the media fixates on potholes, and meanwhile fraud costs British citizens £11.4 billion every year.

I’ve seen the alternative up close. In Estonia, where I helped build our cybersecurity framework, digital ID has been mandatory since 2002. It underpins everything from banking to healthcare to voting. The results?

Citizens save 240 working hours a year by not queuing or duplicating paperwork. The economy saves 2% of GDP annually – in the UK, that would be £45 billion. Estonia ranks ahead of the UK on every measure of democracy, press freedom, and internet freedom.

The myth that digital ID threatens liberty is exactly that – a myth. In fact, it protects citizens:

  • Fraud is near-eliminated.
  • Every citizen can see who accessed their data and why.
  • Participation in democracy is easier, not harder.

Meanwhile, British services often rely on email-and-password logins or utility bills as “verification.” In Estonia, that level of security wouldn’t be legal for a corner shop, let alone government.

The real tragedy is that the UK is well-placed to do digital identity right – with safeguards, transparency, and citizen control. What’s missing is the political courage to move past the ghost of a failed ID card scheme two decades ago.

The lesson from Estonia is simple: digital identity, done properly, enhances freedom and strengthens democracy. The real threat to liberty isn’t digital ID, it’s carrying on without it.

Scotland’s approach

The Scottish ScotAccount system is a good way on how to ramp up use and choose specific digital services to act as proofs of concepts – this is a good example for the whole-of-UK digital ID. It shows that trust can be built step by step and it does not have to be a top-down exercise.

Ultimately, the BritCard and ScotAccount, if keeping to similar security standards, can be complimentary systems that users can choose between. In Estonia we also have several digital ID options to choose from when authenticating ourselves. The ultimate goal is to de-politicise such topics and find ways on how to build trust and take-up together.